About Food for Peace » Activities» Emergency Food Security Program» History» Partners » Programs» Resources » Technical Sectors» Where We Work»
	Introduction   Home List of Acronyms List of Cooperating Sponsors Conversion Tables   Part One   Section I:   Commodities Commodity Availability Commodity Characteristics References   Section II:   Food Commodity   Fact Sheets Beans, Black Beans, Great Northern Beans, Kidney (Light Red, Dark Red, All types) Beans, Navy (Pea Beans) Beans, Pink Beans, Pinto Beans, Small Red Bulgur (BW) Bulgur, Soy Fortified (SFBW) Corn (bagged, bulk) Cornmeal Cornmeal, Soy-Fortified (CMSF) Corn Soy Blend (CSB) Corn Soy Milk (CSM) Corn Soy Milk, Instant (ICSM) Lentils Non Fat Dry Milk (NFDM) Peas Rice Rice (Parboiled) Sorghum Sorghum Grits, Soy-Fortified (SFSG) Fortified Refined Vegetable Oil Wheat Wheat Flour Wheat Soy Blend (WSB) Wheat Soy Milk (WSM)   Section III:   Storage/Shelflife   Specifications Storage Specifications Storage Inspection Checklist Shelf Life of Agricultural Commodities References   Section IV:   Controlling   Damage to Food   Commodities Cleaning and Inspecting Insect Control Rodent Control Reference Chart for Controlling Damage to Food Commodities References Part Two An Overview Module 1: Maternal and Child Health Programs Module 2: Food for Work Module 3: Food for Education Module 4: Non-Emergency Humanitarian Assistance Module 5: Emergency Programs Part Three Annex I: Definitions Annex II: Tools and Indicators Annex III: Recommended Energy Allowance Tables Annex IV: Recommended Dietary Allowance Tables Annex V: Sources for Obtaining Commodity Prices
	Advanced search... Search USAID Personnel... Search USAID Documents...

Part II: Module 2: Food for Work

UpdatedJanuary 2006

I.INTRODUCTION

Theoverarching objective ofUSAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP) is to improve food security ofvulnerable populations in developing countries around the world. Foodsecurity exists when people have access to sufficient food to meettheir nutrition needs for a healthy and productive life.

Theprogramming of food aidthrough Food-for-Work (FFW) activities can help improve food securityby addressing temporary household food insecurity while supporting keyconstruction and rehabilitation activities that lead to longer term,more sustainable food security results. Usually, the majorconsideration in FFW activities is the income transfer value of a foodration as a wage equivalent or incentive. However, depending on theproblems being addressed, the nutritional value of the food providedmay also be a major consideration. FFW can be used to support a rangeof objectives primarily in non-emergency, development contexts, butalso in some emergency programs where both rehabilitation projects andnutritional support receive high priority.

FFWprograms include theconstruction or repair of farm-to-market and urban roads, schools,health clinics, irrigation systems, public water and sanitation systemsand other infrastructure and environmental protection and conservationactivities. FFW's self targeting feature is useful in rehabilitationfollowing disaster situations, where needy individuals will contributetheir labor for food while helping to return the community'sinfrastructure to normal.. FFW interventions are particularlyappropriate when faced with the combination of widespread and/orseasonal food deficits and high unemployment rates. FFW is also commonwhen drought, dislocation or introduction of valuable new technologiesin the local area temporarily disrupts productive activities of afarming community.

Goodpractice dictates that thecommunity should participate in the FFW decision-making process andshould view the activity as creating a valuable community asset, suchas tree planting on common property.

II.GUIDELINES FOR COMMODITY SELECTION FOR FFW PROGRAMS

Thismodule is intended to beflexible enough to permit the selection of food aid rations that areappropriate for each FFW situation. The box below identifies five keysteps in the development of a FFW ration:

Box 1 - Five Steps for Selecting FFW Commodity Rations: 1. Program Design 2. Suitability of Food Commodities 3. Ration Specifications 4. Ration Calculation 5. Ration Ranking and Selection

STEP 1: PROGRAM DESIGN

Thefive key components in thedesign of a FFW program proposal are: (1) carrying out a needsassessment; (2) determining whether FFW is appropriate; (3) identifyingthe target group; (4) developing the FFW objectives; and (5)determining the distribution mode and frequency. For detailedguidelines on proposal development see FFP's Title II Guidelines forDevelopment Programs. Also refer to the Food Aid Management website. An explanation of each design component follows:

1.Carrying Out A Needs Assessment

Asthe food aid component of theprogram is designed, it is important to articulate why food aid isneeded and how it will be used to meet program goals. A needsassessment will provide information relevant to the design of theoverall technical intervention (e.g. in agriculture or water andsanitation) and specific information necessary for designing the FFWcomponent.

Aneeds assessment will help todetermine the nature, extent, severity, and distribution of the foodneed. It should include an analysis of the degree of food accessibilityand availability and other information that would inform to what foodsmight be useful in a FFW "payment" package. It should collectinformation on the local labor market, including seasonality in thesupply and demand for labor, and local wage rates. The assessmentshould also consider who is most in need of food and during whatseasons to have a basis for describing criteria for selection ofbeneficiaries, the geographic areas to be targeted, and the period oftime during which FFW should be offered. The ideal timing for FFWactivities is during periods of food scarcity when local laboropportunities are limited.

PrimaryData Collection:Primary data may be collected using survey methods that gatherinformation about food consumption, nutritional status, foodavailability, agricultural production patterns or migration.Qualitative data gathering techniques are also helpful. These mayinclude techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus groupdiscussions, participatory rural appraisal, or observation. Tips forcollecting primary data are provided in USAID/CDIE's Performance Monitoring andEvaluation Tips. Other informational resources may be found in theResource List at the end of this module.

SecondaryData Collection:Secondary data may be collected from various sources including reportsfrom the USAID/Africa Bureau-funded Famine Early Warning System (FEWS);UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) crop and food supplyreports; UN World Food Program (WFP) food aid assessment reports;international and local PVO reports and other donor reports.

2.Determining whether a FFW component is appropriate

FFWmay be an appropriatecomponent of an emergency or non-emergency program where the assessmentidentifies the need for the following: 1) public infrastructure, suchas roads, irrigation systems, public water supply systems, schools andhealth clinics and environmental protection or conservation activities;2) remuneration of participant's time for training; 3) compensation fordecreases in food production while improved technologies are beingimplemented; 4) support for household food need while rehabilitatingagriculture or damaged infrastructure following a disaster orresettlement..

Theassessment should documentthat food and labor opportunities are scarce in the program areas, andshow that FFW activities (in-kind transfer of food resources) would notinterfere with local labor markets, act as a disincentive to localenterprise, including farm production, and would reinforce forms ofcommunity initiative rather than simply replace community labor withFFW paid labor.

Theassessment should alsodocument the likelihood that in-kind transfer of food would result inpreventing the following: 1) divestiture of productive assets byhouseholds (or other negative coping strategies), 2) out-migration,and/or 3) increased prevalence of malnutrition.

3.Identifying and Targeting a Group

Typically,FFW programs areimplemented in communities facing seasonal food deficits that canbenefit from improved infrastructure and to accelerate economicdevelopment. Population groups undergoing reconstruction following andemergency are also candidates. Whereas whole communities are oftentargeted, within these communities the focus is often on poorhouseholds with unemployed or underemployed adult men or women.

Tothe extent feasible, the FFWration should be designed to be self-targeted to these groups. FFWrations can be self-targeted by developing a ration with a valueslightly less than prevailing local wage, and including less preferredcommodities. Selection of a food used in child feeding may also help inself-targeting women.

Clearly,a FFW ration set toohigh will attract a greater spectrum of the available workers, but willcut into local labor markets, and the food may not benefit the mostneedy individuals, women, and families. For instance, men may take thebulk of the work in situations where women heads of household are ingreater need. However, rates set too low while targeting the poorestwell, may be unjust and will not get the job done.

4.Developing Program Activity Objectives

USAID'sManaging for Resultsterminology in Annex 1 of Part III should be reviewed prior todrafting a proposal for submission to FFP. Program objectives in thefood aid program proposal should be result statements, that is, what isthe end result to be achieved by the intervention? For example, oneresults-oriented objective might be "improved access to food byhouseholds living in communities served by new or improvedfarm-to-market roads."

Eachresult statement shouldhave at least one performance indicator to track progress. Performanceindicators are variables designed to measure progress towardachievement of the stated result. Sample food security indicators maybe found in Annex II. USAID/CDIE's Performance Monitoring andEvaluation Tips include guidance for developing result statementsand performance indicators.

Whenpossible, both impact(performance) and output indicators should be developed and monitored,although many of the output level indicators may not be reported toUSAID. The benefits of having both are self-evident. For example, it isimportant for the PVO to know the amount of infrastructure constructed(e.g. km of farm-to-market roads improved - an output). It is alsoimportant to determine how the economic situation and/or food accessand/or utilization of the target group improved (impact).

5.Determining the Distribution Mode and Frequency

Themode and frequency of FFWpayments should be based on recipients' needs, program objectives, thetype and quantity of the ration and commodity transport anddistribution costs. Generally, FFW rations are distributed as take-homerations (dry, uncooked rations.)

FFWactivities should bedesigned to increase the recipient's self-reliance and self-esteem.This may be accomplished by encouraging the affected populations toprovide their comments on the mix and size of the ration, food paymentratios, and the distribution and monitoring systems. The latterprogramming approach helps preserve the dignity of the recipients whilecontributing to increased program efficiency and effectiveness.

Thesuitability of the food aidshould be assessed with regard to the needs and preferences of thetargeted individuals, households, and community. A ration is suitableif it can be used effectively to achieve intended objectives. Managersshould judge the suitability of food rations to the local foodconsumption patterns, nutritional requirements, locally availablefoods, food processing and storage capacities, and local market prices.Below are key suitability factors to be taken into consideration indeveloping rations for FFW programs:

CulturalSuitability: Itis important to consider food consumption patterns, taste preferences,and traditional taboos of the target population when designing the FFWration package. For example, Brazilians prefer black beans whileNicaraguans prefer red beans. Clearly, food that is not eaten does nothave any nutritional value to the beneficiary. Foods that are totallyforeign to the local diet are not recommended, and they should not beintroduced without sensitizing the recipients about the new foodcommodity.

NutritionalValues:Although FFW is intended primarily as an in-kind income-transfer,hunger and nutritional factors should also be considered. For example,one might consider the dietary needs of working women of childbearingage and those of their children by including fortified soy-blendedcereals and fortified vegetable oil in their ration. The program shouldalso insure that the amount of energy required to do the work is notgreater than the amount of energy provided by the ration.

Availabilityof Processing and/or Storage Facilities:Consider factors that will affect food preparation, such as access tomills, processing and storage facilities, access to fuel for cookingand preparation time. For example, it would not be appropriate wholegrains when milling facilities are not available, or to use beans(which require considerable energy to cook) in an area where there is ashortage of fuel. The means participants will transport rations totheir homes and their facilities for storing them might also beconsidered. transport the commodities to their home.

Timingof Harvests and Seasonal Shortages:Methods for obtaining the required information on harvests and seasonalavailability of food include market analyses, and focus group and keyinformant interviews. Other considerations include whether laborrequirements will impact negatively on local agricultural production orthe local labor market. If so, variations in the FFW work scheduleand/or distribution schedule in response to these needs should be madeaccordingly.

STEP 3: RATION SPECIFICATIONS

Generally,income transfer(monetary) value is a primary consideration in determining the rationin FFW programs. The income transfer value of a commodity is equivalentto the price of a similar food in the local market. For example, if ahousehold buys whole grain wheat and processes it at home, and thecommodity under consideration is whole grain wheat, then the value ofthe commodity will be the market price of the whole grain wheat. If thecommodity is wheat flour, the value is the market price of wheat flouror of whole grain wheat plus an allowance for costs of milling.

FFWfood rations are given as awage payment (based either on time worked or output produced) or as anincentive. Their nutritional value is usually a secondaryconsideration, depending on the situation. The recipients'participation costs, such as transportation, can also be considered indetermining the quantity of FFW food to be provided. Past programexperience and conversations with local authorities and communityleaders may be used to factor in "participation costs" before agreeingupon a minimum FFW ration level.

Descriptionsof each situation are presented below.

1.Income Transfer Value as Wage Payment:FFW projects use commodities as wage equivalent payments in activitieswhere the workers are not the sole or direct beneficiaries of theinfrastructure being created. In these situations, FFW is the wage theyreceive for their work. Wage equivalent payments may also beappropriate in situations where the workers do benefit directly fromthe infrastructure, but providing the amount of labor required wouldnot be feasible without some sort of remuneration.

Paymentsare made daily (rare),weekly or monthly if the workers are engaged for a significant periodof time. The frequency of FFW payments is likely to be greater inemergency situations. If the FFW program involves a major constructionactivity with a high degree of technical input and performancestandards (e.g., major roads, etc.), it may be necessary to provide afull wage payment using a high value commodity in order to attractqualified labor. However, many programs work with local governments tocover the skilled labor requirements with counterpart funding.

2.Income Transfer Value as an Incentive:FFW may be provided as an incentive when individuals benefit directlyfrom a work project or training. The FFW payment under incentive typeprograms is meant to motivate beneficiaries to participate in theconstruction activity or attend education or training activities.Income transfer value should be based on the real and opportunity costsof participation, for example, to compensate the cost of publictransportation or the time used to walk to/from the FFW site, or toprovide an incentive to attend an educational activity. The opportunitycost of time is based on prevailing local wages. However, since theparticipant is also receiving direct benefits from the activity, thevalue of the food provided could be less than the equivalent of a fullwage If the program is incentive-based, it is important to know thecustoms under which individuals would normally donate their labor to aproject.

3.Work Norm Approach:FFW is provided as a specified task is completed. Despite theadditional work required to define and measure tasks, introduction oftask-based compensation can be more efficient than a daily wageapproach. This approach requires more extensive negotiations onindividual work assignments and close, skilled supervision. Further,with this approach, parts of a task must be valued in food terms andwork apportioned according to an individual's capacity to contribute tothe work group. For more detailed information on the latter subject,please see Food for Work: A Review of the 1980s with Recommendationsfor the 1990s, which may be found in the Resource List at the end ofthis module.

4.Nutritional Value:Food needs and nutritional value should not be ignored in FFW projects,and in some instances they are of major importance to help fill gap inthe target group's diets. In this instance, the nutritional value ofthe ration must be more carefully considered along with the workobjectives. In such cases, a low market value commodity might reachmore people with appropriate food. A low value food commodity, such assorghum, may self-target individuals who will be more likely to eatrather than sell the commodity. Some experience also shows that foodprovided for women's work is more likely to contribute to householdnutrition than would food or cash provided to men. FFW with hunger andnutrition objectives are most common in emergency and transitionsituations. For details on how to determine the nutritional value of ageneral ration refer to Module 1 - MCHNPrograms, or for emergencies, see Module 5- Emergency Programs.

Additionalinformation necessary to determine the value of the FFW rationincludes:

LocalWage for Full Day's Work: Determine what a laborer wouldreceive for a full day's work in local currency. This value should bebased on the prevailing local wage. The official minimum wage may alsobe used, but in cases where the minimum wage is not well-enforced, thismay lead to offering FFW rations with values well in excess ofprevailing local wages. This will likely lead to negative effects onlabor market.

Portionof Day Worked:Determine the portion of a day that a beneficiary will work. FFWbeneficiaries may work an entire day or a portion of the day on a FFWactivity. If the FFW ration is being offered as an incentive, theamount of time individuals will spend in the activity needs to bedetermined.

PersonHours Required for Output:If a norm-based approach will be used, the number of person/hoursrequired to produce each output (e.g. person hours per meter of trenchdug) will need to be determined.

TransportationCosts: Ifthe program includes the cost of transportation (either by publictransportation or by foot) as part of the payment, determine what thelocal costs for transportation are.

Theformula in the box below can be used to determine the wage payment orincentive equivalent.

Box 2 - Formula for Determining FFW Wage/IncentivePayment Equivalent Localwage for full day's work x Portionof day Worked + Transportation/Incentive Costs (if applicable) = Valueof wage full day's work costs (if applicable) payment (may becalculated at 90-95% of local wage to self-target)

Thebox below provides an example of how to calculate a wage payment foruse in determining the ration specification.

Box 3 - Calculating the Ration Equivalent for Men on RoadConstruction in Ghana. 1) Thelocal wage for road construction in Ghana is 12,000 cedis per day(figure is made up). 2) FFWrecipients will be employed to work on the road for ½ day. 12,000 cedis / ½ = 6,000 cedis. 3) Eachlaborer will receive 500 cedis a day for transportation costs. Thus,the wage payment will be 6,500 cedis per recipient per day.

Thewage (or incentive) paymentwill be the value of the commodity package provided to the FFWrecipient. For example, if the wage payment for the FFW recipients is6,500 cedis, the quantity of the food aid commodities they receiveshould be equivalent to the quantity of similar, locally availablefoods that one can buy for 6,500 cedis.

Someprograms decide to combinefood and cash payments (food-for-work and cash-for-work - FFW/CFW). InTitle II-funded FFW programs, the cash element is generally no morethan 50 to 60 percent of the wage. Discussions should be held withlocal government authorities on this subject, as some governments mayhave already established standardized FFW rations.

STEP 4: RATION CALCULATION

Afterdeterminingthe value of a proposed ration package, the following will need to bedetermined: (1) type of food commodities (ration package) to beprovided; (2) total tonnage of commodities needed; and (3) thecost-effectiveness of the commodities selected. It is generally prudentto consider alternative rations in the event the desired commoditiesare not available in the quantities required.

Rationcalculators that compute the quantity of foods necessary to provide apopulation all micronutrients at the lowest cost can help in the designof appropriate diets given locally available and affordablecommodities.  There are a number of calculators in existence or indevelopment, including NutriSurvey(www.nutrisurvey.de/lp/lp.htm).  These tools can be helpful indetermining an appropriate population-level ration, but are notappropriate for therapeutic feeding, replacement feeding, or individualration calculation.

1.Calculating the Ration Package

Thefood aid commodities thatform the ration package should be selected. The following guidance maybe used to develop ration packages that meet the FFW ration valueestablished in Step 3 above.

• Selectcommodities that meet the suitability criteria described in Step 2.
• Determinethe local retail market price for the commodity or commoditiesselected.
• Calculatethe ration package amount by dividing the minimum wage payment by thelocal price of the commodities.
• Ifthere are nutrition considerations as part of the FFW program, refer to Module 1 - MCHNPrograms, or for emergencies, Module 5 -Emergency Programs.

Box4below provides an example of how to calculate the ration package forthe target group in Box 3.

BOX 4 - CALCULATING A RATION PACKAGE FOR GHANAIAN FFWRECIPIENTS 1) Theminimum wage payment is 6,500 cedis per person per day (from Box 3) 2) Riceand cow peas are the two food aid commodity selected for the rationpackage 3) Localcost of rice is 2,000 cedis perkilogram (kg); blackeye beans (cowpeas) are 1,750 cedis per kg. (theprices are hypothetical) 4) Oneand one-half kg of rice and 2 kg ofcowpeas will provide the minimum wage payment per recipient per day.((1½ kg rice x 2,000) + (2 kg cowpeas x 1,750) = 6,500 cedis) Thus, for½ day labor on a roadconstruction activity, a FFW recipient will receive 1½ kg ofrice and 2 kg of cowpeas per day as payment for the labor provided.

2.Calculate the Total Amount of Food Commodities Needed

Oncethe ration is calculated,determining the tonnage of commodities required for a wage payment oran incentive type FFW program is fairly straightforward:

• Multiplythe number ofkilograms of the commodity per recipient per day times the total numberof persons to receive the commodity.
• Multiplythe totalnumber of commodity needed for the target group (all recipients workingon the FFW activity) times the total number of days that the rationpackage will be provided.
• Determinethenumber of metric tons (MT) of commodity needed by dividing the totalnumber of kilograms of commodity by 1,000 (number of kg in one MT).
• Completethe same calculation for each commodity in the ration package.

Box5below provides an exampleof how to calculate the total amount of commodities needed to providethe two-commodity ration package example in Box 4.

Box 5: Calculating the Amount of Commodities Needed for1,500 FFW Recipients for a 60 Day Road Construction Activity For rice: 1) 1½ kg rice x 1,500 recipients = 2,250 kg rice per day 2) 2,250kg rice per day x 60 days = 135,000 kg rice per FFW activity 3)135,000 kg rice / 1,000 (number of kilograms in one MT)= 135 MT of rice ForCowpeas: 1) 2 kg cowpeas x 1,500 = 3,000 kg cowpeas per day 2) 3,000kg cowpeas per day x 60 days = 180,00 kg 3)180,000 kg / 1,000 = 180 MT of cowpeas

3.Determining Cost Effectiveness of Ration Package

Occasionally,cost may not bethe primary consideration in selecting the commodities. Foodpreferences, availability and potential disincentive effects mayoutweigh cost considerations. In this regard, a reexamination of theprimary objective of the proposed FFW program and a further examinationof the cost of the commodity vis-a-vis its income transfer or nutritivevalue may help reach a decision whether the program is sufficientlycost-effective and responsive to the needs of the targeted populationgroup.

Costeffectiveness is determinedby calculating the difference between the local value of the rationpackage and the cost of delivering the ration package under theproposed program. For example, if a recipient receives a commodity thatreplaces one that would cost $0.50 in the local market, the provisionof this commodity is a $0.50 value to the family. If providing the samecommodity via a Title II FFW program costs $0.25, then the programwould be considered cost-effective as the value provided is higher thanthe actual cost of the commodity to the program. (See full example inthe Part Two Overview section).

STEP 5: RANKING AND SELECTION

Thevarious FFW ration packagesproposed should be ranked in order to select the most cost-effectiveand appropriate combination to meet program objectives. In examiningthe primary cost elements, commodity price estimates (sources forobtaining commodity prices are listed in Annex V) and variousin-country transportation and storage costs can be used. Other factorsto consider are:

• MinimizingMarket Disruptions:The Bellmon determination should confirm that local markets would notbe disrupted. For example, it may be less disruptive to provide certainfoods in the lean season rather than during the harvest season. Infact, every effort should be made to use Title II food aid to increasethe productivity and sustainability of the targeted groups. Guidance onconducting the Bellmon analysis may be found online at http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/bellmon.htm.

• Logistics,Packaging and Storage Considerations:The Bellmon determination should also include an assessment of thecountry's transportation and storage capacity. Further, somecommodities may impose undue management or cost burdens due to unusuallocal conditions -- such as storage, or pilferage problems -- orunsuitable packaging or a very limited shelf life (e.g., six-months orless).

Theusual sources of data andinformation for examining potential market disruptions and logisticalproblems include past evaluations of similar programs, interviews withlocal government authorities, USAID missions, USDA AgriculturalAttaches and Economic/Commercial Officers at U.S. Embassies.

Thenext is to rank thealternative packages by total FFW program cost, income transfer value,nutritional value, and any other factors identified in the programdesign process. Subsequently, decisions to change ration packages canbe made easily and less arbitrarily when alternative rations and theirmain attributes have been worked out in advance.

III.RESOURCE LIST

1.Food and Nutrition TechnicalAssistance (FANTA) Project, Academy for Educational Development, 1825Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C., 20009-5721. Tel:202-884-8000; Fax 202-884-8432. E-mail: fanta@aed.org;Web site www.fantaproject.org.FANTA has the following publications:

• AgriculturalProductivity Indicators Measurement Guide. Patrick Diskin
• AnthropometryIndicators Measurement Guide. Bruce Cogill
• FoodFor Education Indicator Guide. Joy Miller del Rosso and GillesBergeron
• FoodSecurity Indicators and Framework for Use in the Monitoring andEvaluation of Food Aid Programs. Frank Riely, Nancy Mock, BruceCogill, Laura Bailey, and Eric Kenefick
• GeneralIndicators of Appropriate Feeding of Children 6 through 23 months fromthe KPC 2000+. Mary Arimond and Marie T. Ruel
• HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Nutritional Care andSupport 2004. FANTA 
  
• Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide. AnneSwindale and Paula Bilinsky.
  
• Improvingthe Use of Food Rations In Title II Maternal/Child Health and NutritionPrograms. Serena Rajabiun, Beatrice Rogers, Margarita Safdie, AnneSwindale
• MeasuringHousehold Food Consumption: A Technical Guide. Anne Swindale andPunam Ohri-Vachaspati
• Months of Inadequate Household FoodProvisioning (MIHFP) for Measurement of Household Food Access:Indicator Guide. Paula Bilinsky and Anne Swindale.
  
• PotentialUses of Food Aid to Support HIV/AIDS Mitigation Activities inSub-Saharan Africa. FANTA.
• Recommendations for the NutrientRequirements for People living with HIV/AIDS. FANTA.
  
• Samplingguide. Robert Magnani
• Waterand Sanitation Indicators Measurement Guide. Patricia Billig, DianeBenahmane and Anne Swindale

2.FoodAid Management (FAM),1625 K Street, NW, 5th Floor Washington, DC 20006. Tel: (202) 223-4860,Fax: (202) 223-4862; Web site www.foodaid.org.Provides USAID documents (FY 1990-ongoing).

3.Linkages Project. Recommended Feeding and Dietary Practices toImprove Infant and Maternal Nutrition also see Facts for Feeding(English, Spanish, French). Academy for Educational Development, 1825Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C., 20009-5721. Tel:202-884-8000; Fax: 202-884-8977; E-mail: linkages@aed.org; Web site: www.linkagesproject.org.

7.USAID/DCHA/FFP. Commodities Reference Guide (CRG): Section 1-4.April 1999. Web site: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/crg.

8.USAID/DCHA/FFP. Food for Work: A Review of the 1980s withRecommendations for the 1990s. Washington, DC, February1991.

9.USAID/DCHA/FFP. U.S. International Food Assistance Report 1999.January 2000. Web site: http:www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/usintlfoodrpt2001.pdf.

10.USAID/DCHA/FFP. Monetization Field Manual P.L. 480 Title II Programs.October 1998. Web site: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/monetiz.htm.

11.USAID/DCHA/FFP. Title II Guidelines for Development Programs.January 2000. Web site: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/fy04_dpp.html.

12.USAID/CDIE. Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Tips. 1996.Web site: www.usaid.gov/pubs/usaid_eval/#02.

13.WHO. Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO ExpertConsultation, WHO; Geneva, 1985.

14.WHO. The Management of Severe Malnutrition. Geneva, 1999.

15.WHO.  Nutrient Requirements forPeople Living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation. WorldHealth Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 13-15 May 2003, www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB116/B116_12-en.pdf.

Back to Top ^