USAID Policy on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): Rationale

FGM/C is a serious human rights violation of women and girls that has grave health consequences. It directly violates both Article 3, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person," and Article 5, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment," of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As it is indicative of women's subordination, it further violates the Universal Declaration's Article 7, "All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination."

Although FGM/C occurs primarily in Africa, its practice is not confined to that continent. Through migration, it has spread to Europe and North America; minority groups in some Asian countries (e.g., India, Indonesia) also practice it.

In affected countries, FGM/C is typically required for women and girls during childhood or before marriage. It is considered by the international community, under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Child, a breach of the rights of children. The Convention stipulates:

States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development (Art.32(1)).

Some of the short-term health consequences of FGM/C include pain, injury to adjacent tissue of the urethra, hemorrhage, shock, acute urine retention, infection, and failure to heal. Long-term complications include recurrent urinary tract infection, pelvic infections, infertility, keloid scars, dyspareunia, fistulae, and obstructed labor. The type and severity of complications depend on the type of FGM/C performed.

Almost all of the practicing communities believe that FGM/C preserves the girl's virginity by diminishing sexual desire. For families in FGM/C-practicing countries, the ultimate goal of FGM/C is to render a woman marriageable. It is also believed that a circumcised woman will attract a favorable dowry, thus benefiting her family. Cited reasons for FGM/C also include giving pleasure to the husband, religious mandate, maintaining good health, and achieving good social standing. The practice is perceived as an act of love to daughters that will ensure full community recognition. When the medical complications noted above occur, they are not generally understood as having resulted from the practice of FGM/C.

The Agency has placed FGM/C elimination on its development agenda in response to:

• The expressed needs of national governments, women's NGOs, and other African institutions. While governments and citizens of societies where FGM/C is practiced must take the initiative for eradication, it is clear that outside support is often desired and vital. USAID has offered assistance to local elimination efforts since the 1980s in response to stakeholder requests;
• Unequivocal consensus reached at world conferences on the need to combat all forms of violence against women, including FGM/C;
• Rising concern and demand for action by the Administration, the American public, and members of the U.S. Congress:
  In June 1995, the House of Representatives passed a Sense of Congress Resolution Regarding Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. This resolution urged the President to seek to end the practice of FGM/C worldwide, by "ensuring that all appropriate programs in which the U.S. participates include a component pertaining to FGM/C, so as to ensure consistency across the spectrum of health and child related programs conducted in any country in which FGM/C is known to be a problem." Congressional funding was made available that year to "develop and integrate, where appropriate, educational programs to eradicate FGM/C into [USAID's] population, education, and women in development activities." In September 1996, the practice of FGM/C was prohibited in the United States.
• The United States' status as a signatory, along with the governments of most countries where FGM/C is practiced, to the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action (1994) and the Fourth World Conference on Women Platform for Action (1995).

Both documents call for states to adopt policies/legislation to prohibit FGM/C and support efforts among community organizations to eliminate the practice. Furthermore, the Organization of African Unity has recently made a commitment to African NGOs to support elimination efforts.

USAID Policy on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) [PDF, 19KB]